Archaeological findings confirm that the area of today's Odesa has been inhabited since antiquity, and the inhabitants of this territory were strongly associated with the Mediterranean. In the Middle Ages, this area changed hands, being under the rule of the Pechenegs, Polovtsians, the Golden Horde, the Crimean Khanate, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Golden Horde. The first written mention of a settlement on the territory of today's Odesa dates back to 1415 and refers to the Tatar port settlement called Kaczubeiow, which was later renamed to Hajiba.
After the Treaty of Jassy (1791), ending the Sixth Russian-Turkish War, Odesa came under Russian rule. In 1795, according to the decree of Empress Catherine II, the port of Hajiba was founded, the Odessa war and trade port. During the construction of the city, emigrants from the revolutionary France (today the patrons of the main downtown streets) played a key role, primarily Prince Armand-Emanuel Richelieu de La Porte, General Louis Alexandre Andranault Langeron and Joseph Deribas.
The 19th century was a period of intensive development for Odessa as a result of grain export. The city received city rights in 1803, then the number of inhabitants increased from 9,000. up to 500 thousand in 1904, settlers who came from all over the Russian Empire, the Balkans and Greece to the city created an incredible cultural melting pot here. In 1865, the railway reached Odessa - first the line was led to Balta, and in 1870 - to Kiev. Before the revolution, about 500 companies operated here. The Bolshevik rise to power caused a crisis and mass emigration of the city's inhabitants.
From August to October 1941 there was a fierce defense of the Odessa naval base against German and Romanian forces advancing from the land. In the years of the World War II, until the liberation of the city by the Red Army in April 1944, Odessa was occupied by Romanians. After rebuilding the war damage, the city began to develop rapidly. The second half of the 20th century brought significant changes in the ethnic structure of the city's population: Jews emigrated from Odessa. Many of them later settled in New York near Brighton Beach, creating there the so-called "Little Odessa".